1. Progress in Classical Music Up to Beethoven The concept of progress, a pervasive element in Western culture, has a profound history in music, though it was often implicit rather than explicitly articulated. In the classical music tradition up until Beethoven, the evolution of musical forms and harmonic language was seen as a natural process, reflecting broader intellectual and cultural movements. Progress in music was less a consciously pursued objective than an organic development, with each composer building on the achievements of their predecessors, enhancing complexity, emotional depth, and formal structure. The idea of progress was embedded in the very fabric of the musical journey, as composers continually expanded the boundaries of what was musically possible. Beethoven represents a significant turning point in this narrative. His works not only expanded the boundaries of musical form, orchestration, and expressive range but also embodied an implicit drive towards artistic ev...